Friday, March 27, 2026

Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) Last reviewed date: 5 January 2026

 Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE)  Last reviewed date: 5 January 2026

Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) 

Last reviewed date:

Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) are a group of neurodegenerative diseases that affect humans and animals. They are always fatal.

TSE are caused by agents called prion which are abnormal forms of proteins.

TSE include:

  • Classical and atypical bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in cattle;
  • Classical and atypical scrapie in sheep and goats;
  • Chronic wasting disease (CWD) in cervids;
  • Transmissible mink encephalopathy (TME) in mink;
  • Feline spongiform encephalopathy (FSE) in cats;
  • Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD); variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD); Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome; Fatal Familial Insomnia; Kuru in humans.

With the exception of the BSE agent, which can be transmitted to humans through consumption of contaminated meat causing vCJD, there is no scientific evidence that other animal TSE can be transmitted to humans.

Latest

In November 2025, EFSA published its latest Summary Report on the surveillance for the presence of TSE in the EU in 2024.

The report provides an overview of data collected by 27 EU Member States, the United Kingdom in respect of Northern Ireland, and a further eight non-EU countries (Bosnia and Herzegovina, Iceland, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Norway, Serbia, Switzerland and Türkiye). The data covers bovines, sheep, goats, cervids and other animal species , and genotyping in sheep and goats.

The main findings are:

  • Three cases of atypical BSE were reported in cattle across the EU. Three other cases were detected worldwide.
  • One case of classical BSE was reported in the UK, the disease transmissible to humans.
  • 601 cases of scrapie were detected in small ruminants in the reporting countries: 530 in sheep (615 in 2023) and 71 in goats (183 in 2023).
  • Two cases of Chronic Wasting Disease were detected in wild European moose. Surveillance of TSE in cervids is voluntary in the EU.

EFSA updated its storymap, which provides general information on TSE, including the history of the diseases and related control measures. A dashboard to search and visualise the surveillance data is also available.

Ongoing and completed assessments

snip…see full report;


FRIDAY, NOVEMBER 14, 2025

The European Union summary report on surveillance for the presence of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) in 2024

Published: 13 November 2025 Approved: 15 October 2025 EFSA Journal


SATURDAY, JUNE 14, 2025 

1st meeting of the TSE subgroup of the Animal Health Network event date: 25 November 2025 


TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 28, 2023 

EFSA TSE Report 2022 First published 28 November 2023 

The European Union summary report on surveillance for the presence of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) in 2022

European Food Safety Authority (EFSA)

First published: 28 November 2023


THURSDAY, NOVEMBER 9, 2023

EFSA Annual Report of the Scientific Network on BSE-TSE 2023


THURSDAY, NOVEMBER 10, 2022

Annual Report of the Scientific Network on BSE‐TSE 2022

Published: 10 November 2022


THURSDAY, NOVEMBER 9, 2023 

EFSA Annual Report of the Scientific Network on BSE-TSE 2023


Scrapie, CWD, BSE, CJD, TSE, PrP Update 2026

***> CWD Action Plan National Program 103 Animal Health 2022-2027 UPDATE JANUARY 2026

https://prpsc.proboards.com/thread/189/action-national-program-animal-health

https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2026/01/cwd-action-plan-national-program-103.html

***> SCRAPIE TSE Prion USA RAPID RESPONSE URGENT UPDATES DECEMBER 25, 2025

***> CWD vs Scrapie Urgent Update

https://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2025/12/scrapie-tse-prion-usa-rapid-response.html

https://prpsc.proboards.com/thread/186/scrapie-prion-response-urgent-updates

***> 2026 USDA EXPLANATORY NOTES, APHIS, CWD, BSE, Scrapie, TSE, Prion

https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2025/12/2026-usda-explanatory-notes-aphis-cwd.html

USDA National Scrapie Program History and Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE TSE Update 2025 and history there from

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/396084947_USDA_National_Scrapie_Program_History_and_Bovine_Spongiform_Encephalopathy_BSE_TSE0AUpdate_2

TUESDAY, JANUARY 20, 2026

Pathogenesis, Transmission and Detection of Zoonotic Prion Diseases Project Number 5P01AI077774-14 2025

https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2026/01/pathogenesis-transmission-and-detection.html

TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 30, 2025

USDA National Scrapie Program History and Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE TSE Update 2025

https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2025/09/usda-national-scrapie-program-history.html

https://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2025/09/usda-national-scrapie-program-history.html

Cattle with the E211K polymorphism, and gCJD linked to a glutamic acid to lysine substitution at codon 200 (E200K) of PRNP, what if?

https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2026/01/cattle-with-e211k-polymorphism-and-gcjd.html

Cattle with the E211K vs Humans E200K of PRNP, what if?

https://prpsc.proboards.com/thread/195/cattle-e211k-humans-e200k-prnp

USA BSE Testing and Surveillance?

Bottom line, USA is testing so few cows for BSE (<25k tested annually)

https://www.aphis.usda.gov/livestock-poultry-disease/cattle/bse/bse-surveillance-program

BUT, even at those low testing figures, the USA did just confirm another case of BSE just here recently. Feed ban has failed terribly, and CWD is spreading in the USA, at an alarming rate. Recent transmission studies show oral transmission of CWD of Cervid to cattle. Studies also show links of sporadic CJD to BSE, Scrapie, and CWD. It’s a Whole new game of Prion poker now$$$

Wednesday, May 24, 2023

***> WAHIS, WOAH, OIE, United States of America Bovine spongiform encephalopathy Immediate notification

https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/5067

https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2023/05/wahis-woah-oie-united-states-of-america.html

https://prpsc.proboards.com/thread/125/wahis-woah-oie-immediate-notification

SATURDAY, MAY 20, 2023

***> Tennessee State Veterinarian Alerts Cattle Owners to Disease Detection Mad Cow atypical L-Type BSE

https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/05/tennessee-state-veterinarian-alerts.html

https://prpsc.proboards.com/thread/123/tennessee-veterinarian-alerts-cattle-confirmed

ATYPICAL CASE OF BSE DETECTED IN SOUTH CAROLINA

May 19, 2023 

By Meghan Grebner Filed Under: Beef, Human Interest, Livestock, News

BeefPacker.jpg The U.S. has reported an atypical case of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) in a beef cow approximately five years old or older at a slaughter plant in South Carolina. The animal never entered slaughter channels and at no time presented a risk to the food supply or to human health in the U.S. The radio frequency identification tag present on the animal is associated with a herd in Tennessee. APHIS and veterinary officials in South Carolina and Tennessee are gathering more information during this ongoing investigation.

This is the nation’s 7th detection of BSE, of the six previous U.S. cases, the first, in 2003 was the only case of classical BSE, which was from a cow imported from Canada. The rest of the cases have been atypical BSE. The animal was tested as part of the USDA’s Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service’s routine surveillance of cattle that are deemed unsuitable for slaughter. 

National Cattlemen’s Beef Association chief veterinarian Dr. Kathy Simmons says USDA’s ongoing BSE surveillance program has tested more than one million cattle since the program began, ensuring that the agency’s interlocking supply chain safety products are working. She says the incidence of BSE in the U.S. is extremely low and will remain so.

U.S. Cattlemen’s Association president Justin Tupper says the swift detection of this case proves that the systems and protocols put in place are working. He says the organization is grateful to the nationwide team of veterinarians, animal health officials, meat inspectors, and others who ensure the well-being of the U.S. cattle herd. 

Atypical BSE generally occurs in older cattle and seems to arise rarely and spontaneously in all cattle populations.

The World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH) recognizes the U.S. as negligible risk for BSE, the lowest possible risk in the world. Per WOAH guidelines in determining this status, atypical BSE cases do not impact official BSE risk status and this finding of an atypical case will not change the negligible risk status of the U.S., and should not lead to any trade issues. 


MAY 19, 2023

https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/newsroom/stakeholder-info/sa_by_date/sa-2023/bse

2 weeks before the announcement of this recent mad cow case in the USA, i submitted this to the APHIS et al;

***> APPRX. 2 weeks before the recent mad cow case was confirmed in the USA, in Tennessee, atypical L-Type BSE, I submitted this to the APHIS et al;

Document APHIS-2023-0027-0001 BSE Singeltary Comment Submission May 2, 2023

''said 'burden' cost, will be a heavy burden to bear, if we fail with Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE TSE Prion disease, that is why this information collection is so critical''...

https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2023-0027-0002

https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2023-0027-0002/attachment_1.pdf

TUESDAY, JANUARY 20, 2026

Pathogenesis, Transmission and Detection of Zoonotic Prion Diseases Project Number 5P01AI077774-14 2025

https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2026/01/pathogenesis-transmission-and-detection.html

TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 30, 2025

USDA National Scrapie Program History and Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE TSE Update 2025

https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2025/09/usda-national-scrapie-program-history.html

https://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2025/09/usda-national-scrapie-program-history.html

THURSDAY, MARCH 26, 2026 

Texas Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion Progression 2012 to 2026, Positives to date 1282 confirmed 

https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2026/03/texas-chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse.html

SUNDAY, MARCH 8, 2026

Texas Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Deaths and Death Rates per Year (2013-2022) More Than Tripled, and case reporting has ceased since then

https://cjdtexas.blogspot.com/2026/03/texas-creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-deaths.html

https://prpsc.proboards.com/thread/209/texas-cases-more-triples-2013

FRIDAY, NOVEMBER 21, 2025

While no one was watching: Tenuous status of CDC prion unit, risk of CWD to people worry scientists

https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2025/11/while-no-one-was-watching-tenuous.html

WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 15, 2025

US NATIONAL PRION DISEASE PATHOLOGY SURVEILLANCE CENTER CJD TSE REPORT 2025

https://prionunitusaupdate.blogspot.com/2025/10/us-national-prion-disease-pathology.html

SUNDAY, MARCH 23, 2025

Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease TSE Prion Increasing 2025 Update

https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2025/03/creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-tse-prion.html

SATURDAY, JANUARY 10, 2026

FRIDAY, DECEMBER 13, 2024

Creutzfeldt Jacob Disease CJD, BSE, CWD, TSE Prion, December 14, 2024 Annual Update

https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2024/12/creutzfeldt-jacob-disease-cjd-bse-cwd.html

Terry S. Singeltary Sr.
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